Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. ADHD is one of the most common childhood disorders, and while symptoms can continue into adolescence and adulthood, they often look differentdepending on age and development.
Core Symptoms of ADHD
ADHD is typically divided into three subtypes based on the dominant symptoms:
1. Inattention
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Difficulty staying focused on tasks or play activities.
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Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (e.g., noises, people).
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Often forgets or loses things (e.g., pencils, books, assignments).
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Frequently making careless mistakes in schoolwork or other tasks.
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Avoids or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (e.g., homework, reading).
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Has trouble organizing tasks and activities.
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Fails to follow through on instructions or finish tasks (e.g., homework, chores).
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Appears not to listen when spoken to directly.
2. Hyperactivity
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​​Fidgeting or squirming in seat.
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Often gets up from seat in situations where staying seated is expected (e.g., at school or dinner).
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Runs or climbs excessively in inappropriate situations (in adults, may feel restless).
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Talks excessively.
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Has difficulty playing or engaging in activities quietly.
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Is constantly in motion or seems to be "driven by a motor."​
3. Impulsivity
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Interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., interrupts conversations or games).
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Inability to wait for a turn in situations like group activities or during conversations.
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Acts without thinking, often leading to poor decision-making or risky behaviors.
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Blurts out answers before questions are completed, or completes others'
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sentences.
Types of ADHD
ADHD is classified into three types based on which symptoms are most pronounced:
1. ADHD, Inattentive Type:
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Characterized primarily by symptoms of inattention. These individuals may struggle with focusing on tasks, following instructions, and completing projects.​
2. ADHD, Hyperactive-Impulsive Type:
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Predominantly characterized by hyperactivity and impulsivity. These individuals may be constantly on the go, have difficulty sitting still, and act without thinking.
3. ADHD, Combined Type:
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A combination of both inattention and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. This is the most common type of ADHD.
Living with ADHD
With the right support, individuals with ADHD can thrive in many aspects of life, including education, work, and relationships. However, ADHD can present ongoing challenges.